Design Aesthetics assignment finished

So, today aesthetics design classes will be the last class, and this month normally sure have a lot of assignment in student hand,include me. In this few weeks, I keep hardworking for doing Aesthetics Design assignment, no matter assignment 1 and 2. And I so happy because finally I have done all about Aesthetics Design assignment . Did you all still remember, when i start to write my blogger, I have said this is the part of my assignment 1. From January first classes until today last classes, at list have to write 19 blogger above. And I have done 19 blogger.

Another assignment 2, that is need to search a product in Tanjong Malim town and make a rubric report in google doc for rate the design of the product. Somemore when we have finish our rubric report, we have to make a video to comment how is the design of the product and upload to Youtube and sent the link to Facebook. This is a group assignment. Finally we also almost finished it

In these two assignment, actually I have learn many things. In assignment 1, you have to be attention in classes, you have to drop down the notes what did Dr Tan share to us today, then you just only can share it to blogger, if you sleep or playing phone in classes, you have nothing to write.Because In this system, I learn many things about principal of Aesthetics Design. Those knowledge that i write in blogger also be useful for my future.

In assignment 1, I know how judge and give comment for those design of product. This also let me learn a lesson to improve my artwork will be more better. Another one, I learn how to be a teamwork, work together to finish the whole assignment in time, give comment to improve our assignment. Teamwork is important.

Well, at last, I wanna say Thank you who always subscrite my blogger, and maybe I would not write blogger anymore, and share anything about Design Aesthetics to of you. Wish what i write that 19 blogger will help you in design future life. Good Bye

Consultation for assignment 2

Last Monday April 24th was a rainy day, moreover that day is our public holiday for whole Malaysia. Well, that holiday sure is not my business. I have to continue to do my assignment in my university library with my group member. Because our assignment 2 must be do on google doc, that's why all of us can sitting at library even different place, we also can communicate with each others to do our rubric report.

Actually, we have a small problem in our assignment that is we not sure our answer is correct or wrong. After we finish those question in rubric report, we rush to Dr Tan office to consult our rubric report. After Dr Tan go through our assignment, the comment bad. Yup, I also agree for myself, because in the whole report, we explain with not clear and not enough details. Dr Tan give some sample to us like example, our product is Sugus, we should write our ingredient of Sugus. Somemore, why packaging of Sugus must use plastic and many more. 

After we listen comment give by Dr Tan, I only realized luckily we have consult for Dr Tan and not straight submit it, if not we sure get a lower marks in this subject. Well, after finish consultation, also is time to improve my rubric report.  Moreover, after finish rubric report, we have to make a video to judge Sugus this product of design. We will upload to Facebook and Youtube.

Mid term exam

Last Wednesday April 19th 2017 was our design aesthetics mid term exam. Dr Tan set us our exam time is 8 o clock night. After finish my classes at 4pm evening, me and roommate prepare going home together. All of us was busy to do revision about Dr Tan lessons. Actually, our design aesthetics is dont have any text book or practical book. Dr Tan use powerpoint and share to us in class and ask us when everytime we finished his classes, must write a blog in blogger, that's why everytime I will write this blogger about what Dr Tan have share to us in classes.

I already finish my revison, and maybe is too tired, I felt asleep in my room. My roommate also same
with me feel asleept. Somemore that day,  still remember the weather is cold, and raining. Thats why both of us sleep so nicely and sweet. Well, time past time, both of us only realized time is 7.45pm! Both of us wake up quickly and blame each other why dint set alarm. But is too late. Luckily, our home is near our university. We run to the university and luckily we still had anought time to prepare our exam. And somemore luckily that time rain have been stopped. we take exam by online suing handphone.

Few hours ago, exam result have been coming, me and my roommate result is not bad. Dr Tan mentioned if any student result is bad, they have to retake the exam again. Finally, i no need suffer for doing revision about design aesthetics design anymore.

Walk around in Tanjong Malim town

This few days, me and my group member for assignment 2 is busying for complete Aesthetics Design homework. This let me call back my memories last month ago March 26th 2017, me and my group members survey market in Tanjong Malim. We going there for searching a product to do a rubric report to comment how does the design produc. Is that design good or bad. Dr Tan give my team a mission that is we have to find a purple rectangle product for our assignment 2. In the long journey, we have walk in many shops to take product pictures. We act like customer, sounds like really want buy those product that we are capture photo. We have search many product about purple rectangle.

Nugget

Yam flavor ice-cream

Ribena Drink

Somemore, we also use our money to do our product.

RM100

 Finally, we choose Sugus flavor blackcurrant as our product to do our assignment 2. Even, we are tired for submit all subject of assignment include Aesthetics Design, but we still happy because every assignment, it keeping our hardworking, focus and stories.  

Sugus Candies

Last Design Aesthetics Class

Novelty Design

Today is our last Design Aesthetics Classes, finally we have finish classes start from 2017 Janurary until today April. Actually all of us also feel unwilling for leaving today. So what Dr Tan share to us today in our last classes? He continue teach us about principle of pleasure. Most advanced, yet acceptable (MAYA).  Nowadays in world, many new and special product have come out to the market. advanced means that, we can saw and use in daily life example like familiar design of chair. Yet acceptable (MAYA) is means those product is a new design , and already come out to the market to sell it. It also be acceptable by customer. Example like MAYA chair design. One more that is Novelty design. Means that those product are designing or finish design and sell to the market already but not yet be acceptable by market like example Novelty chair design.

Familiar Design

MAYA design

Nowadays even novelty design is still not yet accept by market because reason is too expensive, it cant useful or maybe still have teknik problem. But, world is changing, many people have aways been attracted by new, unfamiliar, and original things, partly to overcome boredom and saturation effects ( Martindale,1990). Peoples likes special and useful product, even novelty product will come out from future, it also will be stable in market.

Novel Design

Another principal that is congruence or appropriateness. These principal is explain the relationship between various sensory impressions. The most important in this principal that COLOUR, SMELL and TASTE. What is congruence? Congruence is means the aspects of product that stimulate the various senses could be congruent on the theme or association conveyed and the level of ( individual) affect the produce. What designer have aspect in their own design must be perfect, attract people's eyes and not similar with other people artwork. Nowadays, more decisive in people's buying behaviour than the primary or utilitarian product.

Last, Dr Tan give us some question to answer in this blogger. This is the last question that Dr give us in classes.

1) How would you relate the principles of pleasure in your game?
    If i'm a designer in game, firstly must be high graphic design in my game, this is only can attract more people to play my game, secondly, mission in gaming must be special, advanced and strategy. If can, must be unique. These game must be social  online game. Can be play through smartphone or computer.

2) How would you relate the principles of pleasure in your animation or advertisement.
    Use principal ( congruence or appropriateness). I will use different feeling to promote customer product. Can be happy, sad or miserable. The short fantastic video playing until at last show actually is promoting the product through those video. Story must be unique.

Class Design Aesthetics in April 19th

Today our class Design Aesthetics is discuss about principle of pleasure design. What kind of principle is this? I give one example at here : Many humans cant bear for situation mess, As a normal human sure will get up clean those situation become tiny and clean. This is call principle of pleasure design. Another principle teory that is call Maximum effect for minimum. Means that our system want to function as economically as possible and another explanation that is if we can smell, see , hear or decide something faster or with less effort, we will prefer it over the more demanding alternative.

Situation mess

Dr Tan also share us about the use of metaphor. Metaphor is a tools to say something that is difficult to express in word.  Normally we use metaphor to express our feeling and emotions like example: My girlfriend is pretty like princess and another one is you are my guardian angel.  Actually today classes i feel little boring because all is dicuscuss about these theories but i have no choice, this is my asset to success in design.

Sample of Metaphor

Next, we also learn about Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation. Those have many types of laws can me feel confuse. 1) Law of similarity: This law says that when parts of configuration are  perceived similar, they will be perceived as belonging together. 2) Law of proximity: This law is discuss about elements that are near each other are likely to be perceived as part of the same configuration. 3) Law of closure: People tend to close the open edges of a figure or fill in gaps in an incomplete figure so that their identification of the form is more complete that what is actually there. At last, that is Law of continuation : that means people link individual elements together so they form continuos line or pattern that make sense, 

Class Design Aethetics in week 8

Few days ago, Dr Tan have already remind us sent our blogger to him. Well, if everyone has always read mine blogger that you will know that actually everytime when i finish Design Aethetics classes we must write a blogger and share what have happened in class as assignment 1.

Today, Dr Tan open our blogger and feel so dissapointed to us because a lot of student they never done their own assignment. Even some student they have wrote their blogger but that is not neccesary about what Dr Tan have teach in class. Some people is more crazy because they have study almost many months anout Design Aethetics but still spell wrong. They wrote " design aetitics". Dr Tan just speechless when what did he see their student's blogger. 

But Dr Tan dint stop his lessons. Today he share to us few days ago he got invited by Sunway University to listen speech perform from Cambridge Univer

Bauhaus University

sity Vise cancelor lectural. And also he share about Bauhaus University. This university is the first who come out to teach about stationary design lesson while others university still not yet start design courses before.

Somemore, Dr Tan share to us Switzerland also is a good country to learn about design. Their design contains principal thats why their product example like SWATCH watches, Swaroski accesories and others are suitable for any country because their design is match and suitable for all world.

After finish sem break holiday

     After one week holiday is come back to university continue study again. Is a quick boring day, same as daily, wake up early in the morning and walk to the classes for Aesthetics Design classes. Today i quick surprise because a lot of student are absent in classes. Maybe some student are already drop this subject or maybe some still not yet come back from their hometown. Today Dr Tan share to us about how to be a professional designer. In my heart , i think if wanna be a good designer the important term is must design a good artwork to people use it. Well, today I only know if wanna be a good designer taht is not so easily because that have many things that we nned to prepare for it. As a designer should have a comprehensive knowledge of design  fundamentals and theories like example from formal education Bachelor of design. Another ways that is read some books , magazines , movies to get more ideas in design.

      Designer also should know how to control basic technologies like photoshop, illustractor and others to design a good artwork. I recognition that those software is not easily to learn on hand, u may do more pratice and try in many times then you only can be like a proffesional to handle those software. I still remember when I am sem one student in this university and our lectural ask us to prepare a animal logo by using illustractor. Firsly when i use is quick difficult to handle, i had tried many times then i only can draw out a beautiful scorpion logo design. Research also important for us, i have search many about scorpion images and sketch it out, follow the body of scorpion then only can change it out the logo sizes. 

      Today Dr Tan also give some question to us and answer it.  

1. Who are designers? Of course I am designer but is only for future now I am just junior in learning. A designer should have a certificate design, good in using software drawing like illustractor, have good collaborative and communication, and the most important thing that is must be serious in their job. 
2. What are the roles and responsibilities of designers? Well, as a designer, they must be serious in their own job. If a designer is dont have any responsibilities, they will just simply draw out a rubbish art work. Time management also important. Time is important for designers, we cannot waste it. Have a plenty to do research and follow our own idea design out the artwork. Another one must be creative,  a person who can design out the product that still not yet be in this world and also useful for human's daily life then that is call proffesional designer example like Steve Job. He can design out a amazing computer and usefully for human. 
3. How do YOU want to be a a proffesional designer? Firstly i have to get a certificate design from this university then i only have a key to let market and peoples trust my proffesional. Read more magazines, do more research about design and learn from famous designer about their artwork. Learn to be responsibility from now and never change this habbit. Do a new revolution about the product example like pen. Design out a unlimited ink pen in this market. This kind of revolution really will show out mine proffesional skill. 

       

I wanna be designer!

Today in our lessons, we discuss about how much salary that a designer will be get. Actually, in my opinion I think a designer maybe will be high salary if you are famous and professional. In fresh graduate degree student, become an newbie work inside design industry, their salary will be RM1 000-RM 2000 above. Actually this let me quick stressful, according to the situation Malaysia, everything are expensive. In salary RM 2000 will be deduction by loan car, food and drink, loan house or rental, remain is not so much. While fresh graduate from level master, salary will be RM 3000- RM5 000 above. And Phd level sure must be more higher. I have already make a decision for myself that is I must study until master level at least. Not because that salary, that is because i wanna learn more something about design like example research and others. All of my friend also support me and also follow that my idea. I wont give up for becoming a designer, peoples says more suffer in your life, more benefit that you get. Even when I fresh graduate from level degree or master, salary is weak. But design out a pretty and special artwork is my important mission.

Relax Day ( Aesthetics Design )

Well, a new day are reach , that is Monday. Today in classes, Dr Tan just brief our assignment 2 how to prepare a report. Somemore tonight the whole class will attend the university traditional dance show. Actually, today i dint have anything write at this blogger. But i will like to share how the show performance this night. They have 30 types of traditional dance include Malay, Chinese, Indian, Iban and others. All races in Malaysia dance and performe together. Seriosly, I'm shock because now only knows that even Malay or Indian they have many types of their traditional performance. Like chinese also have many types of performance example lion dance and dragon dance. At last , all races of Malaysia dancer performance together. Situation is so happy and memorable. Include us also stand out dance together.  And I so proud, because mine university receive " Malaysia Record Certificate".

Lion Dance

Indian Traditional Dance

All different races receive certificate " Malaysia Record" 

Aesthetics Design ( Prepare assignment 2)

Today I'm quick early come for the class because today i am wake up. Somemore I heard my friends said that today Dr. Tan will brief us our second assignment that is prepare a rubric and go Tanjong Malim in Malaysia have aestheitcs for those shop product. Dr Tan teach us how to prepare a rubric for the assigment and this make me feel stressful because I have no idea to prepare rubric. Assignment 2 is a group assignment. One group must have 4 members. Hope so, my group members will help me and teach me to prepare a rubric together. The whole of classes is just brief us about assignment 2. Thats it.

Aesthetics Design ( Evaluate Aesthetics )

Today seddenly raining heavily, the big field of university is full of water, and today a lot of students are absent attend the classes.Mayb they can't wait up or raining too heavily. So, today Dr Tan just teach us a few things because he have to rush to his another meeting.

EMOTIVISM: According to the emotivist, when we say "You acted wrongly in stealing that money, " we are not expressing any fact beyond that stated by : "You stole that money". It is, however , as if we had stated this fact with a special tone of abhorrence, for in saying that something is wrong, we are expressing our feelings of disapproval toward it.

But what is emotion? From epistemological perspective, the emotions are treated as one of the four ways of knowing , together with language , reason and perception.
There are six primary emotions that are common to all cultures:
1) Happy
2) Sad
3) fear
4) Anger
5) Surprise
6) Disgust

Social Emotions: Ambition, contempt, embarrassment , envy, gratitude, guilt, indignation, jealous , pride, shame, and sympathy. Due to our intelligence and imaginations, we can anticipate and picture more distant dangers. Like example: final exams.

Is time to let me reflection:
1) How would you evaluate aesthetics?
    For my opinion, if evaluate human aesthetics sure that is beautiful face and kind. If for product, it have a nice painting, useful , and design special. That is really call perfect aesthetics.

Class Design Aesthetics

Still remember few days ago, Dr Tan using beauty as example to teach us what is Aesthetics? yeah, Today, Dr Tan have show us a few of beauty photo like year 2016 Miss Universe Iris Mittenaere.  He ask us did this girl is pretty? Some people say yes and some people say no,  This is normal, not everyone taste is same. Another example, Dr Tan ask us again one question that is when you are searching a girlfriend, which part will attract you to get that girl? Some people say must have a pair of beautiful eyes, some say must be kind only for him. This is call human aesthetics. Today Dr Tan have give us one question and must answer at here that is How would you assess beauty? For me to assess a beauty the most important that is have a beautiful skin, pretty, slim , kind and honest to me. 

The second things i learn from classes that is  HOW TO EVALUATE AESTHETICS? 

1. Subjectivism 

- The doctrine that knowledge is merely subjective and that there is no external or objective  truth.

2. Relativism 

- The doctrine that knowledge , truth , and morality exist is't in relation for culture , society , or historical context , and are not absolute.  

3. Aesthetics Relativism

- The judgement of beauty is relative to individuals , culture , time periods and contexts.

 - Example : Foot binding

4. Emotivism :

- Emotivism is no longer a view of ethics that has many supporters.

Miss universe 2016 ( Iris Mittenaere ) 

Day 6 in class Aesthetics Design

A blue morning Monday, same as like normal prepare go for class Aesthetics Design. Today Dr. Tan have been sick, cough so loudly. Well, today he dint tell any story to us anymore, he just straight forward to our class topic. Today what we learn from Dr. Tan is WHAT IS AESTHETICS. 

Aesthetics is a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty. From the design- centric perspective aesthetics is one of the dimensions of design.

Alexander Gottlienb Baumgarden in year (1735) was introduced the term of "Aesthetics" The Greek worrd originally means " I perceive, feel, sense."

Somemore, Dr tan also give us example to feel what is aesthetics, like he show some beautiful girl in google web, when we can decide which girl is pretty or which car have a best and good design then our decide that is call aesthetics. Lets us talk about beauty today, What is beauty? A pretty girl with slim body and long legs? Actually, we can judge by  a beautiful or pleasing thing or person, in particular:

­A beautiful woman

­An excellent example of something

­The pleasing or attractive features of (something)

­The best aspect or advantage of something

Dr Tan also give some question to us for today assignment.

1.  How would you define aesthetics?

   I define aesthetics as we can judge and decide the object or product"s appearance is beautiful or ugly. When we have aesthetics we can approve or upgrade that project become more better. Aesthetics can show some one dealing with the art, taste, or beauty because everyone's opinion is different. Some said that this girl is pretty but not means that the whole world also feel she is pretty.

2.  How do you feel about aesthetics?

     Aesthetics is important to human like us , because when we have aesthetics we only can produce out the beautiful and useful product to the world. And sometimes we also we be use aesthetics in our daily life.

Day 5 in class Aesthetics Design

Today our Aesthetics Design is the most easiest day compare from others day, because our lectural just share some outside knowledge to us. In 2 hours lessons, Dr Tan almost shared 1 hours and 45 minutes and another 15 minutes is just teaching us the main subject Design Aesthetics. So, what we have get from Dr Tan today? In first,  we watch Mr Don Norman's video in Youtube, he explain to us the three ways that good design makes you happy. In videos, I learn about what is AFFECT STATES.  That have three main thing inside AFFECT STATES that is visceral level, behavioral level and reflective level. 

1. Visceral level : It makes rapid judgement of what is good or bad, safe or dangerous, and sends appropriate signals to the muscls ( the motor system ）and alerts the rest of the brain. It is the start of affective processing. 
2. Behavioral level :  The site of most human behavior. Its action can be enchanced or inhibited by the reflective layer and, in turn, it can enhanced or inhibit the visceral layer.
3. Reflective thought : It does not have directs accses either to sensory input or tot he control of behavior. It watches over, reflection upon, and tries to bias the behavioral level. 

Some more, lectural also have share to us how we can  learn other country's language like Japan, Korea or Mexico. First, he asked us how we can learn those language with fast? Some student said listen music, some answered communicate more with each others. Actually we are right, like example if we become an exchanged student to others country, like England, i believe we can speak well  England style's English. We also can learn those language through music that's why today Dr Tan have open many music video from different country like Chinese , Japanese and others. 

Another more, Dr Tan also have shared to us about THE IMPACT OF AFFECTS STATES UPON THE DESIGN PROCESS LIFE. Actually, design requires creative thinking followed by a considerable period of concentreate focused effort, Creativity is good for all designer to be relaxed and happy.

At last, Dr Tan have give us question to let us answer at Blogger here.

1. Up to this moment, what do you think design is?

   Design is the creation of the plan to create some products that outside not yet be sold.

2. How would you define design?

     In my opinion, design is some one is creative and amazing can think out what people cant think about it, and design out the beautiful, unique and special things to the world. And those outwork may be will surprise to peoples.

3. How do you feel about design?

    Creative is the most important thing for design. It looks like hard, but when the mood and ideas coming out that is fun and challenge. The worst thing in design is don't have any idea.

Class Design Aesthetics

Hi everyone, same as like normal, i will write what did my lectural Dr Tan teach us in class today. Today is the worst day for me because our classroom air-conditioner has been broken, well u can imagine around 30 peoples sitting inside a small classroom without air conditioner is how hot that are. Until we really cant bear , we have to move other classroom. But also same, don't have air conditioner. Even we really feel hot and tired but  we also keep determine and attention what Dr Tan teaching in classes.  So, lets start our main topic . What is design?  Design is a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, or other object before it is model. Another simple way to answer it that is a decorative pattern. 

That gave 4 dimension of design. First is Aesthetics, Second that is Functional , Third is Economical, Fourth is Social- political. 

Aesthetics dimension is the visceral level of affect ( reflective, immediate). This type of artwork is just direct link to arts, it cant be use in normal life.  

Functional dimension is the outputs are aimed to be useful ( that is different from artwork , which should be "useful")

Economical dimension is concern with the production cost, pay more attetntion in demand and supply issues , the consumption of raw material, tools, machines, and technology constraints. 

Social -political dimension is concern with human-human relationship, e.g in relationship, marketing, consumer, and many more. 

Third day in class Aesthetics Design

In this morning, suddenly raining heavily, in a cold situation, of course dint affect anything to continue my classes. Today, what i learned is about Tabula Rasa introduced by John Locke.

In theory Tabula rasa, Dr Tan using rubric for measuring creativity. What is Rubric? In this like it would can explain anything (http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/112001/chapters/What-Are-Rubrics-and-Why-Are-They-Important%C2%A2.aspx). 

Sample of Tabula Rasa

Second, that is step of leaning english. That have 4 level of learning english. The first level is learn basic of english like example alphabet, 800 vocabulary, and grammar. Level 2 that is skills, we have 2 skills to learn english that is passive and active. Passive means reading and listening. Active means speaking and writting. Level 3 (ESP) English for specific purposes like example arts and design. The last level is culture. When we stay in others country from asian to western , normally we will also can speak a good english.  Those level called Norm- referenced assessment. Means that assess performance by comparing one to his or her peers example MUET exam.

Today, Dr Tan suddenly ask us challenge to drawing himself in one minute and pass up to him. All of us rushing to drawing his face and pass up to him, seriously that is really ugly. That have 3 result come out that is A, B and C.  Have 17 people get result A, 23 people get B and 16 people get C. However, Dr Tan call us drawing him again in 2 minutes then pass up, surprise is we can draw more probably compare the first time , All of people get result A and B. WHY, Dr tan suddenly give us this challenge? Actually Dr Tan want share to us is what is Ipsative assessment.  Ipsative assessment means assess' one performance by comparing his or her current performance to the past performance.

This is what i learned today from my classes. Thank you

                                                                                                                                                        

Second times writting blogger ( Aesthetics Design)

Today is my second times write blogger here. Same title today that I'm talking about Aesthetics Design.  Today in classes, Prof Dr, Tan Wee Hoe share a lot of things to us like what is creativity and innovative. Before i wanna start my main topic, i wanna introduce one men that is Tony Buzan.
Few days ago he visited mine university, this is the proud things happen in my university. Tony Buzan is a mine mapping teacher. BSM invited him to deliver a talk on creativity in teaching and learning. Some more, his fees was RM7500 per hour for speech. Additionally, he limited the number of participants to maximum 200 per person.

Finally, lets start today what i learned from Dr Tan. What is creativity?  When discuss about creativity, our mind will flow out many words like imagine, creates a new things that dint have in this earth or crazy things. Well, being creative means creating something out of nothing. 

What is innovative? Actually that is easy, innovative means that transforming something to become better. In long time ago, Tony Buzam have an idea to measure creativity. This is the key words for creativity like example: NEW, NOVEL, ORIGINAL, UNUSUAL and DIFFERENT FROM EXISTING IDEA. Today lessons I really have learned many things. And I have know who is Tony Buzam.

First Day Class Aesthetics Design

22/2/2017 Wednesday

Hello, everyone, my name is Chow Chan Chong, everyone who know me will call me Patrick Chow.
This pages is my first page for writting about Aesthetics Design. Every week after when I finish my class Aesthetics Design I will write out today's what happening in classes.In daily life I impossible will write blogger. Why I suddenly write blog about Aesthetics Design? That is because this is my assignment given by my lectural Prof Tan. Prof Tan is a good lectural, in my heart , others people I don't know. He likes to chat with us before class start like today almost 1 hour. I know the reason why he chatting, because Aesthetics Design class is full of theories. The important is class start at 8 o clock morning. Just only wake up from the bed. For our new generation students sure is boring, that's y he always will share his story to us to refresh our mind. Today he brief us about assignment 1 and 2. The first assignment is what i doing now. Yup, write a blogger. Seriously, i try to enjoy it.  The second assignment is by group, must be finish by 4 students. In this assignment, lectural will some art project like example:  A painting, handcraft, or a game design to let us comment and write a report about how to let those design or project become more attract and perfect. First classes have finish. I really excited for the next lesson.

BY: CHOW CHAN CHONG